« July 2007 | Main | September 2007 »

August 27, 2007

文房清玩

古代文房清玩的种类 zt 淡墨

  “文房”广义解释为文人的书斋或书房,狭义则专指书写、绘画与读书的文具,例如宋代吴自牧《梦粱录》卷三《士人赴殿试唱名》载;“其士人止许带文房及卷子,余皆不许挟带文集。”这里的“文房”,指的是笔墨纸砚等文具。

  “文房”一词最早见诸文献的是南北朝时期(公元420—589年),当时专指国家典掌文翰的地方。《梁书·江革传》云:“此段雍府妙选英才,文房之职,总卿昆季,可谓驭二龙于长途,骋骐骥于千里。”这里的“文房”,有点类似今天的档案馆。

  到唐代时,“文房”逐渐演绎为文人的书房。唐代大诗人杜牧在《奉和门下相公兼领相印出镇全蜀》一诗中吟追“彤弓随武库,金印逐文房。”此处的“文房”,就已经是指文人的书斋。至南唐,“文房”成为文人书房的专用词,南唐后主李煜雅好文学,收藏甚富,所藏书画均押以“建业文房之印”。宋米芾在《画史》中也说:“大年收得南唐集贤院御书印,乃墨用于文房书画者。”李后主是我国历史上对文房四宝有着杰出贡献的人物,他任命从易水迁居来的奚廷珪为墨务官,并赐他李姓,于是有了“李廷硅墨”,有了徽墨的起源。他又任命李少微为砚务官,用歙州产的石头制作南唐官砚,即歙州龙尾砚,也是著名的歙砚的发端。李后主的前代列祖李昪鼓励造纸,著名的“澄心堂纸”,就是以他的书斋命名的。据说李廷硅墨、南唐官砚、澄心堂纸与吴伯玄的笔,有徽州四宝的美誉,它们推动了中国文房四宝的发展。

  ■文房清供宋代时进入收藏领域

  到了宋代,南唐归宗的翰林学士苏易简以笔、墨、纸、砚“为学所资,不可斯须而阙”,撰写了《文房四谱》一书,是书凡“笔谱”二卷,“砚谱”、“纸谱”、“墨谱”各一卷,共计五卷。搜采颇为详备,提供了大量宝贵的资料,是首倡“文房四宝”的典籍,因而后人提到文房四宝,必会谈到《文房四谱》,这部书也是宋初文玩清供风尚的发端。

  其实,文房用器早于隋唐时就逐渐兴盛起来。隋代是我国科举制度的起源时期,随着科举的兴盛,促进了隋唐文人阶层的出现,于是与笔墨情趣不可分离的文房用器大量出现。这些文房用器早超出了笔、墨、纸、砚的范畴。《唐书·陆龟蒙传》记有笔床,唐杜甫《题柏大兄弟山居屋壁》诗:“笔架沾窗雨,书签映隙曛。”

  我国历史上第一个将文房用器整理出书的是南宋的赵希鹄,赵氏在《洞天清禄集》列入十项内容,它们是古琴、古砚、古钟鼎彝器、怪石、砚屏、笔格、水滴、古翰墨笔迹、古画等,但当时流行的文房器物远不止这些。赵希鹄还曾写道:“古人无水滴,晨起则磨墨,汁盈砚池,以供一日用,墨尽复磨,故有水盂。”宋林洪的《文房图赞》中有了臂搁的记录,有关压尺的宋代记载也颇多,例如龙大渊的《古玉图谱》、周必大的《玉堂杂记》、李昭玘的《乐静集》与刘宰的《家藏集》等,分别记载着玉、石、檀香等材质压尺。在宋代的《槐阴消夏图》、《西园雅集图》等绘画中,出现了笔插的形象。另外,在宋岳珂《槐郯录》中也记载着:“御前列金器,如砚匣、压尺、笔格、糊板、水漏之属,计金二百两。”从上述文献记载中,我们可以看得出,宋代的文玩,不仅门类丰富,用途广泛,而且制作材料也非常讲究。这些文房的器物,在拓展它们的实用价值的同时,也提升了自身价值,由此可见,宋代在流行文房清玩的同时,也开了文房清玩收藏的先河。

  ■明代是文玩风尚的繁荣期

  文房器物经过宋元的普及、成形、拓展,到了明代时进入了繁荣期。其时,城市经济高度发达起来,文人阶层的迅速扩大,对书斋中的用器需求日益增强。民间工匠的社会地位有了相应的提高,从而使艺术创造能力得到了极大的提高。不仅民间如此,连明皇室也同样青睐起书斋的文玩,在明太祖朱元璋第十子鲁王朱檀墓中就出土了诸多的文房器物,例如水晶鹿镇纸、水晶兽形水盂、玉荷叶笔洗、碧玉笔格等。

  正因为明朝的文房用具空前发达,追求这些文房用具又成为一种时尚,于是乎,许多文人雅士便将目光转向了这些既能实用,又能把玩的器物,纷纷编书阐述,起到了积极的推广作用。最早编撰的是明初曹昭的《格古要论》,曹氏将文房清玩分为十三类:古琴、古墨迹、古碑法帖、金石遗产、古画、珍宝、古铜、古砚、异石、古窑器、古漆器、古锦、异木。曹氏与他的前辈所不同的是,学识渊博的曹昭没有就事论事地记述文玩的品种门类,而是从工艺、产地、考据与鉴赏的角度,论述了文房清玩,从中可以看到当时人们的对文玩收藏的追尚,此书对后世影响很大。

  明文震亨的《长物志》,也是一部记载文玩的著名文献,他是“明四家”之一的文徵明的曾孙,其洋洋万言的《长物志》一书共十二卷,综合概述了明代文人清居生活的物质环境,在卷七《器具》中,列入众多的文房用具,计有砚、笔、墨、纸、笔格、笔床、笔屏、笔筒、笔船、笔洗、笔掭、水中丞、水注、糊斗、蜡斗、镇纸、压尺、秘阁、贝光、裁刀、剪刀、书灯、印章、文具等。这些都是直接的文房用具,此外,还编人不少文房清玩的器物,例如香炉、袖炉、手炉、香筒、如意、钟磬、数珠、扇坠、镜、钩、钵、琴、剑等。另外在卷三《水石》、卷五《书画》、卷六《几榻》、卷十二《香茗》中,还记载了大量的文房清玩,例如灵璧石、昆山石、太湖石、粉本、宋刻丝、画匣、书桌、屏、架、几、沉香、茶炉、茶盏等。作者对这些文房器物的追崇,体现了明代文人的“于世为闲事,于身为长物”的心境。

  高濂的《遵生八笺》,也是明代文人留下的一部文人清居的著作,其中载有《文房具篇》,书中对文具匣、研匣、笔格、笔床、笔屏、水注、笔洗、水中丞、研山、印色池、糊斗、图书匣、臂搁、笔觇、墨匣、笔船等都有专文记述。在高氏的条目中,有的描写得很详尽,例如“笔格”条文云:“有玉为山形者,为卧仙者。有珊瑚者,有玛瑙者,有水晶者,有刻犀者。”又如“笔床”条文云:“笔床之制,行世甚少,余得一古鎏金笔床,长六寸,高寸二分,阔二寸余,如一架然,上可卧笔四矢,以此为式,用紫檀乌木为之亦佳。”再如“水中丞”条文中是这样描述的:“铜有古小尊罍,其制有敞口圆腹细足,高三寸许,墓中葬物,今用作水中丞者。余有古玉水中丞,半受血侵,圆口瓮腹,下有三足,大如一拳,精美特甚,古人不知何用。近有陆<子冈>琢玉水中丞,其碾兽面锦地,与古尊罍同,亦佳器也。磁有官、哥瓮肚圆者,有钵盂小口式雨雪者,有瓜楞肚者,青东磁有菊瓣瓮肚圆足者,定有印花长样如瓶,但口敞可以贮水者,有圆肚束口三足者,有古龙泉窑瓮肚周身细花纹者,有宣铜两寻沙金制法古铜瓿者,样式美甚。近有新烧均窑,俱法此式,奈不堪用。”今天,我们读着高濂的这些文字记载,一方面为作者的收藏鉴赏所折服,另一方面也可以窥见明代文人的书斋文具的丰富多彩。

  在明代文人留下关于文房清玩的著作中,罗列品种最繁多与全面的,恐怕要数明末的屠隆,他在《考槃余事》一书中的《文房器具笺》中,一共列举了45种文具,可谓是集当时文房清玩之大全了,包括笔格、研山、笔床、笔屏、笔筒、笔船、笔洗、笔觇、水中丞、水注、砚匣、墨匣、印章、图书匣、印色池、糊斗、蜡斗、镇纸、压尺、秘阁、贝光等45种文玩,如果再加笔墨纸砚,总数就达49种之多。这不仅在明代,也是古籍中记载文房用具最多的典籍成为后人研究与引经据典的重要出处。

  ■清代文玩存世数量最多

  中国的古代文房用具,历经唐宋元明之后,至清代形成了鼎盛时期,除了被誉为“文房四宝”的笔墨纸砚外,更潜心发展“文房四宝”的辅助工具,精心设计,达到了登峰造极的地步,那些器物的实用价值,也被观赏与把玩性所取代,成为名副其实的“文玩”。

  在清代,文玩的流行与繁荣,除了文人精心追求,营造一个窗明几净,赏心悦目的书斋环境外,另外在很大程度上,是清室康雍乾三朝皇帝的爱好与推动。如今在北京故宫博物院珍藏了一件乾隆御用旅行文具箱,是件绝无仅有的艺术精品。该箱紫檀木制作,箱长74厘米,高14厘米,宽29厘米,箱盖装有铜镀金暗锁。箱打开后可支成文案,案腿设计在箱槽内,用活动薄板支撑,再用暗扣固定。桌箱内设有两个同样大小的屉盒,每一屉盒都有两层形式不同、大小各异的多宝阁,可以人置65件文具与器玩,例如白玉洗、松花江古砚、玉臂搁、笔筒、兽镇、石章、描金云龙纹笔等等。至外还有棋子、棋盘、小蜡盏等。这个文具箱所藏的都是文具中的精华,反映了当时的最高水平。

  文房清玩,形微体轻,与重器大件相比,实属小器物。然而正是这些小玩意,却又是一个内涵丰富的知识载体,根植于民族文化的土壤之中,是物化了的民族传统,它的丰富的功能,独特的造型,以及千姿百态的制作工艺与材质,构成了一个绚丽多彩,晶位高雅的艺术世界,也是前人为我们留下的珍贵的文化遗产。文房用具,又成为物质文化史上的重要研究对象,吸引着人们从不同角度进行考证与研究。同是,古代文玩越来越得到收藏家们的青睐,成为珍贵的艺术品。

  据笔者所闻,目前存世的文房清玩,以清代居多,宋元极少见。除笔墨纸砚“四宝”外大致有以下诸类。笔用类:笔格(架)、笔挂、笔筒、笔插、笔床、笔船、笔屏、笔帘、笔匣、笔海、笔篓;墨用类:墨床、墨盒、墨缸、墨屏、墨匣;纸用类:镇纸、压尺、裁刀、剪刀、界尺、毡垫、画缸、剑筒、贝光:砚用类:砚屏、砚匣、笔砚(掭)、研山;印用类:印章、印匣、印泥盒、调泥笺;水器类:水滴(注)、水盂、笔洗、水勺、水中丞;调色类:格碟、调色缸:辅助类:臂搁、糊斗、蜡斗、帖架、瘿瓢、书灯、诗筒、文具匣、香椽盘、书架;其他类,香熏、手炉、香炉、数珠、拂尘、冠架、古琴、拜帖匣、宫皮箱、瓶觚、如意、铜镜、宝剑、算盘等以及书斋家具如案、几、桌、椅、橱、榻、凳、架、屏等。

Posted by limz at 12:32 PM | Comments (0)

August 26, 2007

初子

初姓起源考---初钊兴来信
多多 发表于 2006-9-1 9:40:31
《姓氏考略》谓:“初氏,望出南郡。”南郡,秦置,其治所即在“郢”,原为楚国都城,今荆州市北侧的“纪南城”。众多辞书,唯明人张自烈的《正字通》较详地注初姓:“初,姓,宋初暐,明初颢。”《汉语大字典》引此。
初姓为什么“望出南郡”呢?史书虽不载,古碑刻却有证。宋人赵明诚尝云:“史牒出于后人之手,不能无失;而刻辞当时所立,可信不疑。”看了烟台市牟平县初家庄民国初年初文彬所修《初氏谱书》的“碑文”录,如获至宝,豁然开朗。不是有同姓问初氏可有“传家宝”吗?愚以为祖宗传下这些“唐碑”、“元碑”和“明碑”碑文就是初姓的“传家宝”!

原来“上先荆楚”(《西陀老茔碑记》),“初姓楚始,五音属羽”(《两莹会记》)。楚,古国名,亦称荆、荆楚;金文称楚荆,芈姓,始祖鬻熊。西周时立国于荆山一带,建都丹阳(今湖北省秭归东南)。楚文王时移都于郢,楚庄王时曾为霸主。公元前223年,为秦所灭。前后存国800余年(参见《中国历史大辞典》)。“楚”与“初”二字声母与韵母都相同,只是“楚”为上声,“初”为平声,在《五方元音》中,同属“唇音水、肾、羽”(见樊腾凤《五方元音》)。唐朝医学家王冰,曾任太仆令,为《黄帝内经素问》作注,其中对《阴阳应象大论》中“在音为羽”一句注道:“羽,为水音,沉而深也。”(参见《故训汇纂》)堂堂芈姓之后,为什么要改姓,且改姓又不以国为姓——如已故民盟中央主席楚图南等楚姓是楚国亡国后,楚国士大夫为纪念祖国而以“楚”为姓,比“初”姓晚500多年——却偏偏改以“楚”字的同音字“初”为姓呢?古碑撰者虽有难言之隐,但后人还是可以从字里行间品味出那段残酷的历史的。

后唐同光二年(924年)碑记:“羽音世考,初姓传宗,上先荆楚,袭受国封。四至八世,老祖初公。清净为质,富贵若空,奇获保寿,安隐南衡。由周时于楚武王之位始,历秦、汉代三十世之系承。”读《史记•楚世家》,可重温那段历史。
原来楚之先祖出自帝颛顼高阳,高阳是黄帝之孙、昌意之子。高阳生称,称生卷章,卷章生重黎。重黎任帝的“火正”官,很有功,能光融天下,帝喾命为“祝融”。共工氏作乱,帝喾使重黎诛之而不尽,帝乃诛重黎,而把重黎的弟弟吴回当作重黎的后裔,仍任“火正”,为“祝融”,后世称其为“火神”。吴回生陆终,陆终生子6人,老六名季连,芈姓,为芈姓之始祖,楚人是他的后裔。季连生附沮,附沮生冗熊。其后人一度衰微,有的在中原,有的在蛮夷,无法记载其系承。周文王时,季连的后裔鬻熊作文王的老师,可惜死得早,其子熊丽生熊狂,熊狂生熊绎。这时,周成王要加封曾扶佐文王、武王的勋臣的后裔,因而封熊绎于楚蛮(蛮,潮湿多蛇处),封以子男之田,姓芈氏,居丹阳。这就是唐碑所说“上先荆楚,袭受国封”,时间在公元前1042——前1020年之间。

楚子熊绎生熊艾,熊艾生熊靼(“革”改“黑”旁),熊靼(同前)生熊胜,熊胜以弟熊杨为后,熊杨生熊渠,渠生子三人。当周夷王之时,王室衰微,有的诸侯不朝拜周王,反而攻打他。熊渠卒,其长子康早死,第二子挚红立。挚红卒,其弟弑兄子而代立,曰熊延。熊延生熊勇,熊勇十年卒,子熊严为后,熊严十年卒,长子熊霜立,时周宣王元年(前827年)。熊霜六年卒,3个弟弟争立,老二仲雪死,老三叔堪逃亡到濮,老四季徇立,是为熊徇。二十二年熊徇卒,子噩立。熊噩九年卒,子熊仪立。二十七年后,熊仪卒,子熊坎立。熊坎六年卒,子熊询(“言”改“目”旁,下同)立。熊询十七年卒,其弟熊通弑询之子而代立,是为楚武王,时为公元前740年。从楚子熊绎受封立楚国起,第四世为熊胜,其弟为后;第八世为熊延,弑兄子而立。“四至八世,老祖初公”,碑记已不能准确记载第几世,是四世还是八世,但肯定是在四至八世的范围内,在争夺君位的残酷斗争中,失势而亡命他乡,隐姓埋名,改以“楚”字的同音字“初”为姓,以纪念所自,又避“楚”字而躲祸,展转来到千里外的“南衡”,即今湖南省衡阳市南,而“奇获保寿”。一个“奇”字,写尽了那九死一生的侥幸。

为什么要从楚武王算起,至晋初“保寿三十世系承”呢?因为老祖初公起自“四世”还是“八世”已难定准,而熊通始僭称武王,在位51年,奠定了庄王称霸的基础,留给人们的印象也是最深的,故记得从楚武王算起30世移潜江,因潜江与江陵很近,所以又称“古地江陵”,即原楚都“郢”。当然,这里的“三十世”也不会是绝对的30代,而只能是个大概数。为什么迁都于“郢”呢?因为到晋时,历史上争夺君位的纠葛早已成陈迹,无须再加防范;而江陵乃都会要冲,经济繁荣;特别是“荆楚故地”,自然会有一种“游子归乡”之念。即使从八世熊延卒时——前847年算起,初姓至今已存在2854年了。在已知的中国一万多个姓氏中,是产生比较早,历史比较悠久的姓氏之一。可知陈明远、汪宗虎主编的《中国姓氏辞典》认为“初氏在历史上为较晚出的姓氏”的观点是完全错误的。作为初氏后代,我们不能不由衷地感激“辽西初氏慧安”公及他的五男、二十二孙和八位曾孙于“大唐同光二年岁次甲申”,在芝罘岛西陀老茔“续世勒名”的历史壮举了;不能不由衷地感谢明万历间,保存古碑志文且重刊古碑的三十四代祖化公承前启后之功。

回头再来辨别初姓会不会是“祁”姓“变”来的。

1.碑记“初姓楚始”,未说“初姓祁始”;

2.碑记初“五音属羽”,在《五方元音》中与“楚”同属“唇音水、肾、羽”,而“祁”五音属“徵”,在《五方元音》中属“舌音火、心、徵”;

3.碑记“四至八世,老祖初公”,而“祁暐”对不上号;如说祁姓老祖也与“四至八世”对不上号。

4.碑记“宋时移丙,堆金族同”。“丙”即“炳”也,明亮、显著;堆金,形容财富多。全句说初氏家族到宋代才交红运,趋向光明,全族都富裕起来。换句话说,宋以前,初氏人家一直命运多舛,所以没有出达官贵人。反过来说,不能因为宋以前没发现多少初氏名人,就否定宋以前有初氏族姓。

5.元代《芝罘西陀古茔历代荣祀纂记》首句为“宋时开封祖虞昌,德清县令始荣光”;二句才说“胶水暐公第进士,天成大孝感君王”。是初虞昌祖任县令首先为初家增光,碑记言之凿凿,怎能说暐公是“初姓第一人”呢?

6.《宋史》有《祁暐传》,民国《古代人名大词典》有初暐、祁暐两人词条,内容大同小异;《正字通》却载“初暐”,而“祁”字条未载“祁暐”。宋祁暐是胶水县人,明清为“平度州”,查康熙五年刻本、李世昌纂修的《平度州志》卷三•乡贤,仅有一句“宋集贤院学士祁暐”;卷四•人物,仅有一句“详见忠孝”;卷五•忠孝:“初(左边为‘祁’字左旁,右边‘刀’似‘祁’字的右耳,也似‘刀’)暐,字坦之。天禧中进士,以度支员外郎知维州。母丧,庐墓衰麻蔬食。经六载,有白兔白乌驯绕墓侧。状闻,诏赐粟帛。”跟《宋史•祁炜传》比较,中进士的时间不同;内容州志不如《宋史》详。可惜,查不到宋代进士录。从刻本看,“初”字明显是刻工将已刻的“祁”字而改为“初”字的。究竟是初暐被元人修《宋史》误为“祁暐”,还是祁暐因皇帝口误改为“初暐”?从明代化公《荣祀纂记》看,确有进士、孝子“初暐”。最大的可能是祁暐改作初暐,成为初姓在宋代新增的一支。“入谱归宗”,当时必定举行隆重仪式,希望从“祁谱”和“初谱”中能找到记载。因此,说“初暐”公这一支初氏是因皇帝口误,由“祁”姓改为初姓是合理的;如果说初姓始祖源于“祁”姓,是明显违背史实的。

有趣的是,《郡望百家姓》云:“祁氏望出太原郡。”此郡秦置,治所在今太原市。《姓氏考略》:祁姓“望出扶风。”汉武帝置右扶风,三国魏改扶风郡。在今陕西省长安县以西。也就是说,祁姓郡望与楚或郢无关。祁姓代表性的楹联为:亲仇并举;乌兔咸驯。上联说的是春秋晋国大夫祁系“外举不弃仇,内举不避亲”的典故;下联说的就是祈暐“大孝感君王”的故事。这就是说,祈暐至今还是祈姓的骄傲。这也是可以理解的。祈系是史载最早的祈姓者,春秋晋国人,食邑在祈,今山西祈县。晋厉公八年(前573年)任中军尉。他比初氏始祖晚300多年。

7.有同志怀疑会不会是明朝万历壬子(1612年)三十四世祖初化公重刊古碑时,将后唐原碑“祁慧安”改为“初慧安”,“老祖祁公”改为“初公”。这等“改姓”大事,“率合族重刊”,能在碑文中一字不提,瞒天过海,偷梁换柱,这是绝对不可能的。况且,皇帝给改姓,荣耀无比,何必讳莫如深?再看重刊至元元年碑文,化公个人的注释文字,特用小字,且明言“化照旧分刊”——后人竟怀疑他暗自篡改碑文,祖宗有知,对此该作何想?
所以,初姓始祖决不是“祁”姓改来的。
最后,谈谈初姓会不会还有“辽西、芝罘”以外其他分支呢?“上先荆楚”,是初姓的主脉,毫无疑义;但碑文确实记有宋代开封初虞昌,谱书还眉批明洪武举人潜江初颢(灏)、正德潜江进士初杲等,他们很可能在唐初没有北迁辽西,虽是“荆楚”一脉,但可能不是一支。有必要调查开封、潜江附近的初姓。在“南衡”一带,有没有未迁的初氏呢?还是他们又改姓“楚”了?都有待于深入调查。至于有没有其他来源,除了初暐一支,现在还说不准。例如25史中宋以前唯一记载的“初”字为头的人名“初古拔”,是北魏功臣薛辩的长孙薛洪祚,被太武帝拓拔焘赐名初古拔,以军功赐爵永康侯。皇兴三年(469年)尚文成女西河长公主,拜附马都尉。有赐田在冯翊夏阳(今陕西韩城县)。那儿有没有他的“初”氏后代呢?还不知道。

由此可知,“中国初姓宗亲家谱研究会”的工作,还要深入开展起来。就说胶东十余县市,初姓最多,大约百余村万余人,但参与或知道此事的初姓人还极少;更不用说去实际做调查工作了。至于全国知道初氏网站的初姓人就更少了。我希望每省、每个地区都能找到热心此事的同志,按时完成本区初姓基本情况调查,包括新、老谱书。请智强兄列出调查表格,并按计划发到“区片负责人”手中。最好能做到每省市,每县(市、区)只少有一人负责。全国的总谱要简明扼要,载总的源渊;分布;世系;名人佳行,谱牒纂修等。鼓励各地修本地或本支谱书。一方面强调要深入细致,不能一蹴而就;一方面要强调有紧迫感,要出阶段性成果,不能遥遥无期。“辈份用字”各地不同,不是总谱关心的重点。重点似是各大支、分支世系、迁徙路线;分布地区;名人事迹、现有人数等,特别是谱牒文献。呈以上拙见,请各位指正。

初钊兴 山东省文登市北山街10楼3单元205室 邮编:264400

Posted by limz at 01:14 PM | Comments (0)

August 12, 2007

淄博陶人

陈贻谟,男,1933年9月生,山东淄博市人,山东硅苑新材料科技股份有限公司(原山东省硅酸盐研究设计院),高级工艺美术师,自幼跟随父亲著名陶艺家陈怀慈学艺,1958年进修于中央工艺美术学院,山东硅院艺术总监。从事陶艺50多年来,获部、省、国际奖98项,其中部级4项,国际大奖3项。组织、设计、研制中南海紫光阁、钓鱼台国家用瓷,受到社会各界赞誉。开发“龙山文化”黑陶艺术研究,被省级以上中国历史博物馆.中国工艺美术珍宝馆收藏11件,被选为国家级礼品瓷8件。撰写论文4篇发表于《中国陶瓷》、《山东陶瓷》,多数精品分别在美国、日本、泰国等10个国家展出,被中央新闻制片厂拍进“祖国陶瓷新秀”。21件精品出版在《中国美术全集》、《中国当代陶瓷画集》、《中日工艺丛书》,1958年获毛主席金质奖章,1993年被评为中国工艺美术大师,享受政府特殊津贴。现任中国工艺美术学会设计家协会常务理事,山东省陶协陶艺委员会主任。

冯乃藻,淄博博山人,出身于陶瓷艺术世家。他与其兄冯乃庄、其弟冯乃江自幼随父学艺,并各有建树,人称“冯氏三兄弟”,冯乃藻钟情于雕塑艺术创作及名贵花釉的研制,为淄博陶瓷作出突出贡献。先后荣获市专业技术拔尖人才,省优秀科技工作者及富民兴鲁劳动奖章等称号,仅在1982年中国轻工部新产品评比中,他一举获得四项奖,1988年光荣地出席了全国第三届工艺美术专业技术人员代表大会,受到党和国家领导人的亲切接见。

冯乃藻大师在其50多年的艺术生涯中,创作题材广泛,他的作品充满浓郁的时代气息。具有发奋图强色彩的《雄鹰展翅》、在我国陶瓷史上具有历史意义的大型高温陶瓷长达17.4米的《高温花釉浮雕九龙壁》、雨点釉《双龙瓶》、人物雕塑《三顾茅庐》及动物作品《醒狮》、《大象》、《虎》等均为独具匠心的大作。为了给作品披上绚丽的外衣,他研制的“云霞釉”开创了淄博陶瓷窑变花釉之先河。进而又研制成功了名贵的兔毫釉、虎皮斑釉、鹧鸪斑釉等达到栩栩如生之效果。

几年来《人民日报》、《人民画报》、《光明日报》、《光明日报》、新华社、《人民中国》、《香港文汇报》、美国电视台等国内外新闻报道他的文章、照片、电视、电影达百次之多。他的作品油滴番“燕鱼”盘1992年12月被中国工艺美术馆收藏,油滴釉加彩“长鱼盘”2000年4月被中国历史博物馆收藏,中国现代美术全集《陶瓷》中《中国现代陶瓷艺术》第1卷收录作品2件。


冯乃江,男,生于一九三六年十一月,山东省淄博市博山区山头镇人,出身陶瓷工艺美术世家,曾任山东博山陶瓷厂科研所高级工艺美术师,淄博市政协委员,淄博市刻瓷艺术协会副主席淄博市拔尖人才,山东省工艺美术大师,享受国务院颁发的政府特殊津贴。
该同志从事陶瓷工艺美术设计工作三十余年,他的陶瓷彩绘、刻瓷工艺品,艺术精湛,深受国内外知名人士的喜爱和赞扬,他曾先后去日本、丹麦做刻瓷表演,深受国外专家赞誉和肯定,他的刻瓷艺术作为礼品赠送外国朋友,促进了国际间的交流。他研制成功的动彩刻瓷新工艺,为刻瓷工艺综合装饰创出了新路。他所创作的刻瓷挂盘多次在国内展评中获奖。浮雕刻瓷《寒雀图》、《玉兰》挂盘分别获国家轻工业部全国陶瓷评比二等奖。1990年10月设计的《动彩瓷组三件》获首届景德镇杯国际精品大奖赛创作奖,《泰山牌装饰挂座盘》评为轻工业部优质产品奖,“动彩系列”获省新产品、新设计一等奖“16”佛像刻盘获省新产品、新设计二等奖。
他设计制作的《六鹤同春》刻瓷座盘曾多次被国家、省、市领导入选为出国赠送礼品,对弘扬我国的民族艺术、促进国际间的交流、提高我国陶瓷在世界上的知名度,振兴中国陶瓷事业做出了贡献。
张明文

张明文,淄博市淄川区磁村大范人。山东工艺美术大师。七十年代从事刻瓷艺术。从1981年起,先后在西德科隆、美国田纳西、新加坡莱弗士城、美国芝加哥、瑞士、香港等地举办个人刻瓷展览并作现场示范。早在1988年,《山东陶瓷》就发表了他的论文“刻瓷艺术与情理法趣”;1989年,中外文化出版社又出版发行了《张明文刻瓷艺术》挂历;1993年经国家批准,享受国务院颁发的政府特殊津贴;1997年被评为全国优秀工艺美术专业技术人员荣誉称号。
张明文之家是山东陶瓷界颇有影响的陶瓷艺术之家。夫人常素芳、女儿张健、张锐、张谦、三女婿纪宏都是助理工艺美术师,专长于刻瓷艺术和彩绘,并成立了“三友画苑”公司。其作品突出文化底蕴和诗画韵味,至于在历届展览中的获奖次数和承担的国家礼品件数,就难能尽数了。
艺无止境,艺无国界,一雕一琢,都验证着作者走过的路和留下的脚印。
李梓源,1944年4月出生,山东淄川人,高级工艺美术师,淄博市第八届政协常委。
1962年毕业于淄博陶瓷工业学校,后从师于李左泉先生。1985年创办淄博市工艺美术研究所1994年创办李梓源艺术中心,1999年创办李梓源艺术学校。
李梓源攻于陶瓷艺术、绘画、书法,优精刻瓷艺术,其作品具有古朴、典雅、简洁、庄重的艺术风格,是山东刻瓷艺术的代表人物之一。
李梓源的作品在海内外有着很高的声誉,自1979年以来先后获得省级奖四次,国家级奖二次,参加过十几个国家的展览,1982年获得西国慕尼黑第34届手工艺品国际博览会金质奖章和最佳成就者称号。这是建国以来我国陶瓷工艺品在国际上获得的第一枚金牌和第一个被授予最佳成就者称号的陶瓷艺人。先后有100余件作品作为国家礼品赠于外国元首和友好人士。
1988年再次应施特劳斯总理邀请,参加了慕尼黑第40届手工业国际博览会国外特别展览,并获得巴伐利亚州州长奖金,受到施特劳斯的接见。1992年10月1日在北京中国革命博物馆中央大厅举办《李梓源刻瓷艺术展》。1982年被评为山东省劳动模范,1988年被评为山东省首批专业技术拔尖人才。1992年享受国务院特殊津贴。1992年被授予工艺美术大师称号。1995年11月被评为山东省第四批专业技术拔尖人才。1998年两件作品《李清照》、《芭蕉小鸟》被收入《中国现代美术全集》。

田良永,1940年5月出生,淄博市博山区人,高级工艺美术师,中国工业美术设计协会会员,原淄博瓷厂总工艺美术师。
十二岁就职于博山山头建华窑厂,54年调入淄博瓷厂,拜国画家李左泉为师,擅长工笔细彩,掌握多种陶瓷装饰技法及陶瓷造型装饰设计。创立了“系统数控设计法”,先后为陶瓷出口和北京、建国、京纶等高级宾馆饭店设计中、西、日式餐具,茶咖具,文具,艺术陈设装饰器皿千余种。59、79年两次参加北京人民大会堂国家用瓷的设计生产。作品荣获全国、省、市级陶瓷设计创作展评会一、二、三等奖51项。其中玉钟茶餐具系列两次获国家银质奖,出口三十四个国家和地区,十多年畅销不衰。88年光荣出席了在北京召开的《全国第三届工艺美术艺人、专业技术人员代表大会》。自86年以来先后入编《中国当代陶瓷美术家辞典》、《中国专家大辞典》等书籍。自87年连续三届评为淄博市专业技术拔尖人才。92年受国务院表彰,享受政府特殊津贴。
朱一圭,高级工艺美术师。男,1939年3月生,山东淄博人。现任山东淄博北安陶瓷艺术研究所所长,兼任山东博山书画院院长,淄博市书画院名誉院长。
主要业绩,在陶艺创作上,取得显著成绩。于1975年接受山东省陶瓷公司的“高温乌金釉立粉彩陶”科研项目,并于当年研制成功,为国内首创。所创“高温乌金釉立粉彩陶挂盘”,在邓小平1979年访美时作为国礼赠与美国参议院、众议院;“高温彩油室外壁画”标志着中国探索高温色彩分类调配应用成功,名为“鲁花釉”,于1979年9月首次在青岛中山公园问世。刻砚艺术作品,于1979年参加日本“山东鲁砚陶瓷展览”,并在日本东京现场表演,受到好评。于1982年参加法国国际博览会,作刻瓷表演,中国参赛团获银杯奖,同年成功恢复龙山黑陶文化工艺,1994年创造性地再现宋代花斑玛瑙釉艺术。

罗晓东,字云天,华光集团高级工艺美术师。1943年出生于山东莱州,1963年毕业于淄博市陶瓷工业学校。现为山东省美术家协会会员,淄博市刻瓷艺术家协会副主席,淄博市第七批专业技术拔尖人才,是我国著名刻瓷艺术家。
罗晓东从事刻瓷艺术20多年,1981年创造的“花釉刻瓷”为淄博的刻瓷艺术增添了新的表现形式。
1997年1月被我国外交部选定为我国国家领导人和外交部刻制出访礼品的任务。

蒋正和,男,1952年出生于博山区,大学学历,高级讲师,原为山东省轻工美术学校校长兼书记。系中国书法家协会会员,淄博市书法家协会副主席,淄博市政协委员。
自幼酷爱书画艺术,经几十年勤奋耕耘,形成独特风格。自1984年以来在省级以上参展或获奖达五十余次,多次参加国内外重大展览,并在日本获奖。1995年书法作品参加由中国文联主办的“中国国际文学艺术作品博览会”被认定为书法类一级作品。其书画作品多被国内外有关部门收藏。
因教学与创作成绩显著,被中共淄博市委、市人民政府授予第一批和第五批专业技术拔尖人才称号。1990年到1996年,荣立建设淄博立志立功一等功四次,二等功两次。

司志杰,男,1944年生,淄博市淄川东坪人,中共党员。1961年毕业于淄博陶瓷职业学校,同年分配到山东博山陶瓷厂科研所从事陶瓷设计工作。历任技术员、设计师、高级工艺美术师、厂科研所所长、山东博山陶瓷厂副厂长、淄博市实用美术学会理事、山东陶瓷美术协会副理事长等职。1987年被省总工会授予“富民兴鲁”劳动奖章,获山东省优秀科技工作者称号,被评为淄博市专业技术拔尖人才,1987-1988年连续两年在“建设淄博”立志立功活动中被市委、市政府记一等功。1987年度荣获厂、省陶瓷公司、淄博市优秀共产党员称号,被选为第七届全国人大代表和第三届全国艺代会代表,1989年被授予山东省劳动模范称号。1992年被国务授予有突出贡献的中青年专家荣誉称号并享受政府特殊津贴。
司志杰是我国著名的陶瓷设计专家,是全国陶瓷设计评比十大评委之一,具有很深的艺术造诣,其作品既有传统性,更具时代感,在国际国内设计大赛和评比中获奖近百项,并获首届国际陶瓷大奖赛日用陶瓷类金牌,其设计作品近300个品种,市场订货投放量达3亿多件。在创作实践中注重理论与实践相结合,先后撰写六篇论文,其中在国家省级以上发表四篇,并编著了《陶瓷盘类设计》一书,由中国工业美协出版发行。

乔希儒,男,一九五○年四月出生,汉族,淄博市博山人,高级工艺美术师,曾任山东博山陶瓷厂科研所所长,淄博市实用美术学会会员,淄博市科协会员,现在博山银山瓷器有限责任公司从事陶瓷技术研究设计工作。
该同志热爱自己的专业,精益求精,刻苦钻研。在陶瓷造型、装饰工作中,设计店标60余种,全部投入生产,其投产量3500万件,产值4000多万元。90年他设计的“天蕊”餐、茶具获景德镇国际陶瓷精品大奖赛金杯奖,并获全国陶瓷艺术评比一等奖;金蕾餐茶具获92年第三届中国淄博陶琉节国际陶瓷艺术作品展大奖,象牙餐具获93年淄博国际陶琉节陶瓷艺术交流展“火神杯”金奖。象牙瓷、滑石瓷餐具获北京第二届国际博览会金奖,8头绿无光文具、3号宾馆瓷分别获国际和全国陶瓷艺术评比三等奖。90年至93年获全省陶瓷评比一等奖四个。在理论研究方面,他撰写的《日用陶瓷装饰设计浅谈》论文在《山东陶瓷》发表。90年—91年被市委、市政府授予建设淄博立志立功特等功二次。

  沈松龄,高级工艺美术师,出生于1943年7月。1962年毕业于淄博陶瓷工业学校。现任山东省陶瓷公司,鲁粤瓷用花纸有限公司设计室主任。淄博市美术家协会会员,淄博市实用美术家协会会员。
从事陶瓷美术设计工作近四十余年,其作品在全国、省、市获一、二、三等奖五十多项。发表美术作品五百多幅。作品“宝石”牌精石器餐具获1989年北京首届国际博览会金奖。设计的“宝石”商标被评为全国驰名商标。设计的陶瓷装饰花纸上千种(套)投产后均取得较好的经济效益。在刻瓷、国画、油画、书法、摄影等方面均有研究成果。尤其擅长肖像刻瓷,其特点将传统的金石艺术与西方绘画巧妙结合,运用黑盘底色,表现人物黑白关系,立体感特别强。独创奇特的“刻瓷艺术”运用尖堑、刀堑、刻笔等工具凭借浓厚的艺术素养和扎实的绘画功底,在陶瓷盘上的艺术创造,使绘画、书法、与金石融为一体。为中外名人国家元首刻制礼品七十余件,其中国画大师齐白石肖像获全省评比一等奖,并入编《世界美术集传略》、《中国当代陶瓷美术家辞典》、《世界美术家大辞典》。
1951年生于山东省淄博市淄川。1972年就职于淄博瓷厂,开始从事陶瓷美术工作。1984年进修于中央工艺美术学院陶瓷系。1988年赴澳大利亚,1992年赴韩国进行刻瓷艺术展览交流。1993年晋升为工艺美术师。曾历任淄博瓷厂科研所所长,艺术瓷分厂厂长,洪山陶瓷厂总工艺美术师、厂长等职务。所创作品有30多件在国家级和省市级展评中获奖。作品和论文在各家报刊杂志上发表。其传略编入《中国当代美术家辞典》和《中国民间名人录》。现任山东省轻工协会会员,淄博市刻瓷艺术家协会副主席。

司书勤,高级工艺美术师,陶瓷大花瓶的创始人。1924年11月25日生于淄川龙泉镇渭头河村。15岁开始从事陶瓷制作,制作的陶瓷工艺品形态逼真,这使司书勤在少年时代就对陶瓷有了神秘的梦幻,为后来成为知名的陶瓷艺人奠定了基础。解放后,司书勤供职的窑厂成为国营淄川陶瓷厂。1971年厂里成立试验室,司书勤成为骨干。他开始制作大型园林陶瓷。他先后制作的荷叶陶瓷桌、松鼠鱼盆、陶瓷花架等产品成为我国大型园林陶瓷的代表。70年代初,他制作的3米高的陶瓷大花瓶一搬到广交会上,即惊四座,懂行的外商连称罕见,被誉为“陶瓷巨人”。他制作的花瓶上或雕腾云驾雾的盘龙,或雕雄伟壮丽的泰山,“既有翻江倒海之气势,又有腾云驾雾之雄姿”。产品置于北京亚运村、秦始皇兵马俑等地的大型建筑物前,显示了“陶瓷巨人”的雄姿。产品还远销美国,并在北京国际陶瓷博览会上获奖,为中国陶瓷获得了荣誉。

何岩,男,1954年出生于山东济南,高级工艺美术师,现就职于华光集团陶瓷公司技术中心。1970年开始从事陶瓷美术设计工作,1985年赴中央美术学院雕塑创作研究室随国际著名雕塑艺术家张教授学习深造。30多年来设计创作了大量的陶瓷作品,特别是在山东大型园林陶瓷研究创新方面作出了重大贡献。在设计的作品中有100多项获国际、全国、全省的大奖。其中《华光系列餐具》、《长江咖啡具》、《长城茶具》等产品畅销全国,为华光高档骨质瓷的迅速发展作出了突出的贡献。


尹干,1940年生,江西赣州人。1962年毕业于景德镇陶瓷学院艺术系。高级工艺美术师,先后任省陶瓷公司技术处副处长,市工艺美术研究所所长,淄川区人大副主任,淄博师专艺术系主任,市实用美术协会副理事长,省轻工美术学会副理事长,省陶艺委员会副主任委员,市首批技术拔尖人才。

他长期从事陶瓷艺术设计和创作工作。作品先后赴日本、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新加坡、香港等国家和地区展出。设计的日用陶瓷大量投产,远销国内外,并进入紫光阁和中南海。设计的“湖光二十二头餐具”等十项作品在全国评比中获奖。设计的“友谊餐具”等四十一项作品在全省评比中获奖。设计的“系列精炻器茶具”获中国赴墨西哥技术与产品博览会金奖。“兰钧釉刻花瓶”等两件作品入选《中国现代美术全集·陶瓷卷》。
他的“鹰”、“蝶”等二十多件陶瓷艺术作品分别在《装饰》、《中国陶瓷》、《山东陶瓷》上发表。“线型、形体与器皿设计”等七篇论文在《山东陶瓷》上发表。其中两篇论文获市自然科学论文一、二等奖。

Posted by limz at 10:42 PM | Comments (0)

李达 油滴茶盏

李达 2005.09.23
油滴茶盏是黑釉瓷中的名品,中国宋代南方建窑和北方山西、河南等地均有烧制。
油滴釉属于铁系结晶釉,其特征是铁氧化物在黑釉表面析晶后,形成的斑点状花纹,类似水面上漂浮的油珠,这种陶瓷的釉色被称为油滴釉。
油滴茶盏的鉴赏除了器形之外,重点是它的釉面斑纹,斑纹的优劣是评价茶盏价值的主要依据。识别不同形态的油滴斑纹和了解各种斑纹的烧制难度是鉴赏油滴茶盏的基础。
一、窑油滴与华北油滴的差别
油滴有两类,一类是建窑油滴,另一类是华北油滴。这两类油滴外观粗看很相象,所以经常被人混为一谈,实际上,它们的形成过程和外观特征区别很大,主要表现在以下几点:
(一)烧制条件不同
建窑油滴的烧成温度在1300摄氏度之上,而华北油滴在1240摄氏度左右。建窑油滴必须在还原焰中烧成,而华北油滴在氧化焰或还原焰中都可以烧成。
(二)形成机理不同
华北油滴的形成机理可以概括为气泡机理。当窑温烧到1200摄氏度之上时,由于此时釉已经熔融,粘度很大,釉料中的Fe2O3分解产生的小气泡被封闭无法逸出釉面,随着过程继续,釉层中小气泡越来越多,并逐渐合并成大气泡,由于釉层中气泡具有富集铁氧化物的能力,使得釉料中铁氧化物逐渐迁移并聚集在气泡周围,当釉层中的气泡增大到足以克服釉层阻力时,气泡便破裂,形成一个类似火山口的凹坑。随着烧成继续,这些凹坑被周边的釉逐渐填平,而聚集在气泡周围的铁氧化物也显露出釉面,在冷却过程中,便析晶形成华北油滴的斑点。
建窑油滴的形成机理可以概括为浮萍机理(浮萍就是池塘水面上浮生的青萍)。当建窑油滴釉烧到1300摄氏度左右时,由于窑温高、釉粘度小,FE2O3分解产生的小气泡可以直接逸出釉面,而由小气泡富集到的铁氧化物易浮在釉层表面,形成与釉主体相不同的液相小滴。随着时间推移,这些液相小滴越来越多,就象漂浮在水面上的青萍,它们随机而遇,三五成群,拼合成一个个大小不同的包裹团,包裹团越大,其中的液相小滴也越多,但这些液相小滴仅仅挨在一起,没有熔为一体,就象一叶叶青萍靠在一起,当温度下降时,窑中环境条件适合包裹团中的铁氧化物析晶时,便形成建窑油滴。
(三)外观特征不同
建窑油滴与华北油滴的外观特征是由它们的形成机理决定的,其区别有:
(1)华北油滴斑点是均匀分布的,因为它是由气泡形成的,有釉的地方就有气泡,所以斑点布满整个釉面。而建窑油滴的斑点是随机而生的,所以分布不均匀,有疏有密。
(2)华北油滴斑点大小与釉层厚度密切相关,因为釉层越厚气泡越大,“火山口”也越大。一个“火山口”的凹坑拉平后就是一个斑点。而斑点的形状也取决于凹坑被拉平时的形状。
建窑油滴的斑点大小与釉层厚度没有必然关系,关键在于包裹团大小,所以同一件茶盏上不同部位的斑点大小疏密都可能差别很大,而斑点一般呈卵形状,这是因为烧成温度高釉流动强,包裹团受向下的拉力所致,若拉力过大,斑点则成条形状。
(3)建窑油滴釉流动强,使碗口部位釉较薄,不黑又很干涩,而在碗外靠底足处有一圈明显的聚釉。华北油滴釉不易流动,烧成后碗口不会脱釉,聚釉现象也不明显。
(4)建窑油滴斑点内有肉眼可见的沟纹(类似田泥干后的裂纹),是因为包裹团是由许多液相小滴拼合而成;而华北油滴斑点内无沟纹,是因为铁氧化物均匀聚集在气泡周围。
斑点内有无沟纹是区别两类油滴的根本标志。不管两类油滴的大小、形状、疏密、色彩等特征如何变化,但万变不离其宗,它们的形成机理会从斑点内沟纹显露出来。

Posted by limz at 10:35 PM | Comments (0)

August 03, 2007

Archaeology of early global trade

Fragments of Globalization:
The Archaeology of Early Modern Trade and Piracy

A student conference for the crew on board Anthrarch 296

Monday August 6 and Wednesday 8, 1:00 - 4:00 pm,
West Hall 211

Material culture is important for the study of globalization and colonialism, both in understanding its present form and for investigating its inception. Based on archaeological studies on the trans-Pacific flow of commodities, this course explored the role of trade and piracy at the threshold of globalization (13th to the 18th century). Instead of focusing on the European explorations, this class focuses on the continuity and transformation in the Asiatic trade network in response to the early global trade.

The investigation is primarily based on the archaeological study of porcelain, which “yields the first and most extensive physical evidence for sustained cultural encounter on a worldwide scale, perhaps even for indications of genuinely global culture.” (Finlay 1998). As one of the most important commodities on the trans-Pacific voyage, following the inauguration of Manila Galleon in 1565, the close association of porcelain production and trade with “international piracy” in traditional historiography present a new angle for understanding the dynamics of the early global trade and industries.

In this student conference, the presentors will trace the movement of trade porcelain from kilns around Chinese trading ports, to shipwrecks and consumer societies.

The presentations, each contains an archaeological component, collectively address these key questions:

• What was the nature of Asiatic trade network prior to the beginning of global trade?
• How was the production and consumption in the Asiatic trade network transformed in the course of emerging global trade?
• What was the role of international piracy in the early global trade and nation building?
• What was the effect of the early global trade on the native societies involved?
• How could the archaeological remains shed light on the grand narrative of globalization?

Highlights of lectures in July:
Asiatic trading network by the 10th century (Belitung and Cirebon wrecks), Quanzhou in the 13th century Asiatic trading network under the Mongolian Empire (Yuan), Admiral Zheng He, the Ming gap and the emergence of overseas factories in Southeast Asia, the pirates of the east China seas and the arrival of the European powers, the transformation of values in the consuming society, changes in consumer society after the emergence of global trade, the piratical production on the China coast, the Zheng family maritime enterprise (Nicholas and Koxinga), the mid-17th century gap and emergence of European and Japan productions, the cultural interaction through porcelain (Chinoiserie in European decorative art), the porcelain consumption, contact epidemic and silver mining in the New World, and archaeology of pirate ships and ports (Fiery Dragon, Port Royale, Isles Saint Marie)

Monday Panels:

Panel 1 The Indian Ocean Trading Network

World Trade in the 10th Century Java: The Cirebon Wreck Sally Wingard

Panel 2 13-14th century

Cultural Exchange in the Pax Mongolica Jeremy Wardle

13th Century City of Quanzhou and the Houzhu Shipwreck David Shlecter

The Decline of Quanzhou in late 14th century Sam Agnoli

Jingdezheng and the Production of Blue-and-white Porcelain Laura Vincent

Panel 3: The Ming Gap and the Rise of Overseas Factories

The Ming Ban on Private Maritime Trade and the Thai Ceramic Production: Perspective from the Turiang Shipwreck Andrew Moran

The Xuande Wreck Site and the 16th century Southeast Asia Andrew Scavone

Wednesday Panels:

Panel 3 (continued ) Lena Shoal and the Hongzhi Revival in Chinese Porcelain Export Mark Sandusky

Penal 4: A moment in the global history of 1600: Case Study on San Diego

A Group Project on San Diego by Kaplan, Whitener, and Everett

Microcosmotic View of Global Encounter in 1600: the San Diego Shipwreck Aaron Kaplan

The San Diego: Through Piracy We Gain Knowledge Noah Whitener

San Diego: topic to be determined Mike Everett

Panel 5: International Competition on the Open Sea

Drake's Landing at California Ben Trachman

Taiwan and the Dutch East India Company Megan Colella

The Binh Thuan Wreck and the VOC Paul Czarnecki

The Pirate Round and Fiery Gragon: Archaeology of a Pirate Shipwreck Ian Barber

THE WHYDAH: Archeological Evidence for Piracy in the 18th Century LaReece Broadus

Paper Abstracts

The Decline of Quanzhou
Sam Agnoli

A lot of factors contributed to the decline of the very influential and active port city, Quanzhou. Although there isn’t one exact factor that led to the decline of Quanzhou, a series of events can be explored to give evidence as to why the activity in Quanzhou was forced to shift to Zhangzhou and the port of Yuegang. Between the depletion of resources by the mass production of porcelain in the dragon kilns, the Ming ban on external trade, and the extremely fostering geological landscaping of the Yuegang port in Zhangzhou, we can examine how much the Ming ban actually impacted maritime trade in Asia. In addition, the shift in the quality of production can be examined, which we can use to see which articles of porcelain material culture were produced illegally in Zhangzhou or at the beginning of the porcelain craze before the Ming dynasty, in Quanzhou.

The Pirate Round and Fiery Gragon: Archaeology of a Pirate Shipwreck Ian Barber

The 17th century is referred to as the golden age of piracy. It was called this due to the flourishing of piracy in the Caribbean, based in Port Royal. The lesser know but equally successful pirates terrorized the Indian Ocean, from the pirate hub around Saint Mary’s island. These pirates attacked a variety of trade ships that passed through the region. The trade ships’ cargo included new world silver, slaves, Chinese porcelain and many other valuable commodities. My presentation will focus on the ship wreck of Christopher Condent’s Fiery Dragon discovered off the coast of Madagascar. My presentation will describe the wreck and the many goods it contained. I will go through the ships contents and where the objects may have been plundered from. I will briefly describe the pirate life of captain Condent and his crew. The reasons behind why the ship was sank and how the second most successful pirate in the Indian Ocean got away with out punishment will be told in the presentation. I will explore the complex social and cultural aspects of piracy during this era. There was a more political side to piracy other than the obvious economic gains.

THE WHYDAH: Archeological Evidence for Piracy in the 18th Century
LaReece Broadus

The whydah was a ship that transported and participated in trade during the Atlantic slave trade. The ship was responsible for transporting slaves to the carribeans and trading them for fine metals that would then be transported back to England. The responsibilities of the whydah help explain its role in global trade. During the golden age of piracy [1625-1725] the Spanish took control over American colonies and the power of their empire depended on the control of the seas. The Spanish gained great wealth from the Native Americans and this caused the England and the French to send pirates to attack the Spanish ships that transported American treasures. As a result of the attacks, Spain lost power of the seas. France and England then took over Spain and international sea trades become a landmark in history. The question of weather pirates actually existed during this time was answered from an archeological perspective with the whydah ship wreck as solid evidence.

Taiwan and the Dutch East India Company
Megan Colella

The history of Taiwan circulates around the battles for ownership over its land by many European and Asia nations. Dominance over this area was crucial to the European and Asian trading networks because it sits at a key location in the middle the maritime trading routes. The Dutch East India Company conquered Taiwan in 1623 and quickly began setting up ports on the coast to facilitate the expansion and control over the European market for Asian goods (Mateo 2001:329-333). From then on Taiwan became a battleground by many nations, including China and Japan. Evidence of Taiwan’s history of conflicts and trading is found in the hundreds of shipwrecks that littler the Taiwan Strait. This paper will focus on the sites that mark evidence of the Dutch rule, Koxinga’s rule, and the Japanese rule over Taiwan and how these governances impacted the evolving history of Taiwan.


Microcosmotic View of Global Encounter in 1600: the San Diego Shipwreck
Aaron Kaplan

As soon as the San Diego pushed off from the small port in Manila, it had one goal in mind. Travel to its destination, unload its cargo, and return back in time for the crew to get paid and load up a fresh cargo. Little did the unfortunate crew and the archaeologists who excavated the ship know, but the ship was and is a microcosm of the global relations in the early seventeenth century. The ship was an example of the integral functions of the various trading nations that contributed to the global trade market at the time. The San Diego tells many different stories of the international relationships and the assimilation that took place through the constant maritime trade. It could be true that the fine Chinese porcelain (found on board the ship), that were stored in southeastern Asian-made, jars were protected by Japanese mercenaries using north African-made weaponry, in order for European aristocracy to present their symbols of wealth to their dinner guests. The global community gathered around the united sense of materialism, and the innate feelings of materialism caused a surge of international assimilation that lead to the progression of the worldwide populace to where we are today. In this paper, I will examine the diverse cargo found in the wreckage of the San Diego and discuss the significance it had to the global trade market and the intricately comprehensive associations that occurred between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries.

The San Diego: Through Piracy We Gain Knowledge
Noah Whitener

The San Diego was part of the Manila Galleon once a year trade rout between the spanish Phillipeans and the new world. When found on the bottom of the ocean what was uncovered told a very different story. The ship had been converted for battle with cannons from the fort in Manila and had sought out in persuit of pirates. When the superior ship ended up on the bottom of the ocean due to what seems to be a complete breakdown of the commanding officer, we get a unique veiw into the trade and scale of the global market. The goods that were still abord the ship from the trade rout give us a glimps of the materialistic world of the 1600's. Using previous research goods like porcelain can be traced all the way back to where it was produced and its styles can give us a sense of the taste of europeans at the time. Not onlt goods but the weapons that were found tell an interesting story all their own. Through this historic act of piracy against the odds, we further our historical knowledge with solid evidance.


The Ming Ban on Private Maritime Trade and the Thai Ceramic Production: Perspective from the Turiang Shipwreck
Andrew Moran

The Turiang is a ship that sank in the South China Sea, off the coast of peninsular Malaysia. The ship was headed southward towards Borneo as part of an established Chinese trade route. The cargo on board has forced archaeologists to question previous assumptions about the nature of the ming ban on private trade and it’s effect on the aesthetic and style of pottery from kilns at Sukhothai and Si-Satchanalai in Thailand. The wares found on board from Si-Satchanalai date to the middle of the 14th century, which is much earlier than previously assumed start dates for the Thai kilns. The previous assumption is that these kilns started when Chinese potters left China during the ‘Ming ban’ on private ceramic trade. The absence of more advanced celadon wares associated with above ground kilns, and a wreck site dating of 1305-1370 also suggest that though Chinese potters did improve kiln technology after the Ming ban, these sites were already producing their own style of wares, similar to those found in Vietnam. The absence of Chinese Blue and White suggests also that the shipwreck was earlier than 1328, the start date for export of these wares, and further evidence that these kiln sites were in heavy operation decades prior to the Ming ban.


The Binh Thuan Wreck and the VOC
Paul Czarnecki

This paper explores the Binh Thuan Wreck, a Chinese junk ship found some 40 miles of the Southern coast of Vietnam. The wreck has been dated to the early 17th century, and is believed to be a privateered Chinese junk working for the Dutch East India Company (VOC) carrying large amounts of Zhangzhou ceramic ware, often refered to simply as Swatow ware. It is believed that this ship was headed for Johoe where it was to be transshipmed through Indonesia for further redistribution in Southeastern Asia and to European markets as well. The large amount of Swatow ware was made in the city of Zhangzhou and was soley for export. By examining details of the cargo contained in the wreck, this paper aims to discuss the spatial and temporal contexts with which this wreck existed. The Binh Thuan Wreck illustrates the interesting role the Dutch had already established in the early 17th century. Not only were the Dutch ambitous, free trade seeking entrapaneaurs, but they were also played highly integrated role in the trade networks of Asia as intermediates, which served to profit off the instability of trade within China and between China and Taiwan in particular.

This paper also addreses the Zheng family enterprise, which consisted of Zhilong (Nicholas) and his son Koxinga, and there role in Asiatic trade during the early to mid 16th century. Zheng Zhilong was a private merchant and pirate, given official title by the Chinese government in an effort to dispell the problem of piracy common to the day. The practice of appointing pirates an offical government role and title to help suppress the piracy problem was a very common practice of the day, and was often circular in nature in that soon after a pirate was given a title, a new pirate would come along and overthrow the former, and he himself be granted a governemnt role in quieting piracy. For years the Zheng family operated in the pirate hotspot and large ceramic production city of Zhangzhou, in which much of the ceramic onboard this VOC owned Chinese junk ship was produced. This paper serves to examine the contents of this wreck in order to better understand the trade that the Dutch had negotiated with the Chinese, and also to examine the dynamic nature of Asiatic trade during the day, in which the Dutch held a solid yet in a way bothersome, infiltrating role to the Chinese, and which was further complicated by the Zheng family and the policies they enforced when it came to trade and piracy.

The Xuande Wreck Site and the 16th century Southeast Asia Andrew Scavone

Southeast Asia in the 16th century was a highly competitive maritime trading network that offered little to protect the traders, who often dabbled in piracy themselves, in terms of rules or regulations. Chinese porcelain was one of many important commodities heavily traded during the time period, and due to its ability to endure hundreds of years of submersion when its carrying ships wrecked in the waters of Southeast Asia, can now provide clues when uncovered as to the state of the maritime economy at the time. The Xuande site is particularly interesting in this aspect. The ship is believed to have sunk around 1550 off the coast of Malaysia. The site contains no remnants of the ship’s hull but does contain the porcelain carried by the ship. The ship carried no celadon, despite the fact that it had come from Thailand. This clue, along with an examination of the other cargo can reveal interesting facts about the changes in the economy that were taking place at that particular time.

13th Century City of Quanzhou and the Houzhu Shipwreck David Shlecter

Studying one particular city and shipwreck will help piece together South East Asia and the maritime trading during the 13th and 14th century. The research available shows very interesting information about the city that involves the shipwreck, in which you cannot understand one without the other. This city was home to many clans and families, some that were very prosperous and influencial. It was the home to the largest trading port in
the world at the time and had a very large population. The shipwreck of Houzhu was owned by a clan and was sunk on purpose, for political reasons. Quanzhou had many integrated cultures and religions and was a large part of a vast empire of trading routes that stretched all the way to the Indian Ocean. I am particularly going to focus on the height of Quanzhou’s political influence in terms of maritime trading, and how this shipwreck was directly involved in the political difficulties of the time.

Drake's Landing at California Ben Trachman

Sir Francis Drake, navigator and privateer, is one of the greatest English sea-captains
of all time. Revered as a hero in the fight against the Armada and despised as an upstart
by the old nobility, Drake epitomizes the self-made Elizabethan privateer, rapacious in
the hunt for treasure but daring and visionary in exploration. It has been argued by
archaeologists as to whether or not Drake in fact visited California. This paper will
focus on the voyages made by Drake for his Queen as well as provide evidence from both
sides to support where exactly Drake landed. I will then provide my own take on the
subject.

Jingdezheng and the Production of Blue-and-white Porcelain
Laura Vincent

Jingdezhen is a city long known for it’s heritage in porcelain production. This paper will focus on the ceramic production during the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) when blue and white porcelain was first produced in Jingdezhen. It is believed that blue and white porcelain was first made in Jingdezhen after 1325 and this paper will focus on that time and after on how the blue and white porcelain production began, how it impacted Jingdezhen society, and how Jingdezhen porcelain traveled in the world through the examination of ship wreck cargo which includes early Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain pieces. Jingdezhen has a fascinating history in the porcelain industry and I hope to reveal much about the early blue and white market of Jingdezhen through this paper.

Cultural Exchange in the Pax Mongolica
Jeremy Wardle

The Mongolian conquests of the 13th century resulted in the largest empire in the history of mankind. While the empire would soon fragment into four distinct entities (Yuan Dynasty, “Golden Horde,” Chaghadai Khanate, Ilkhanate) the relative stability brought about by common practices of administration and the military might of the Mongolian armies enabled unprecedented trade and travel across Asia. This paper will examine the cultural exchange between China and the Middle East facilitated by the so called Pax Mongolica. Several case studies of specific artifacts will be used along with evidence from both historical and archaeological records to demonstrate a bilateral exchange of technology and culture made possible by the unique circumstances that existed under the Mongol administration of Asia.

World Stage in the 10th Century Java: The Cirebon Wreck Sally Wingard

Around 2004, a ship off the coast of Cirebon was discovered along with many ceramics, gemstones, and other various raw materials from China, India, Sri Lanka, Java, and Afghanistan. This paper connects this ship from the 10th century to the history of trade going on between Java, India, China, and Arabia to try and get a better understanding of the wreck. Java had been trading with other countries since before 500 B.C. and in the 10th century, the area witnessed a boom in sea trade due to the movement of the Mataram Kingdom to East Java. The wreck contains many ceramics imitating the Chinese style since the area was highly influenced by their artwork. Most importantly the wreck depicts how much global interaction was going on at this time and how it impacted many cultures.

Posted by limz at 04:16 PM | Comments (0)